نشریه سیاست نامه علم و فناوری
سال هفتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 19، تابستان 1396)

In a knowledge-based economy, advanced science and technologies and thus technology-based firms are considered as competitive advantages of countries and driving force of economic growth. They have been also taken into consideration by most researchers in different countries in recent years. Success and value creation of these firms depend on numerous factors. Availability of financial resources is considered as one of the most important key factors in development of these firms. Venture capital (VC) is one of financing ways due to the special nature of these firms. During a financing process by venture capital, valuation of new technology-based firms (NTBFs) is one of the most important and challenging issues for venture capitalists and entrepreneurs. This paper explained challenges of this field by accurate examination of issue and statement of problem, and investigated valuation of these firms by review of internal and external studies and a literature gap between financial and entrepreneurial approaches, and finally offered a solution for filling this gap by utilization of a strategic management approach

Technology not only an important dimension in national development is a contributing factor to the success and survival of organizations in today's competitive world. The challenge faced by organizations today is how scientific and technological ideas into marketable products and services convert. Commercialization of research, a process that knowledge produced in research organizations into marketable products or industrial processes convert. In this paper, literature review, factors affecting the success of commercialization of mining and the opinions of experts in the four following important factors, technology, organization, market and were classified environment. The effects of these factors on commercialization success in terms of experts and specialists in government research institutes, the tested. The results showed those factors, market, organization, environment and the most effective technology to successfully commercialize the technology development projects.

By rapid advancement in processing and storage technologies as well as Internet, a new computational model called cloud computing has emerged. However, most of the business and IT companies operate in the traditional IT space in Iran. Recently, companies began to learn and use expert persons in this field. Despite of many benefits of cloud, there are several risks which institutions should know before they migrate to the cloud environment. There are many factors that affect the adaptation and adoption of cloud by companies. Identifying these factors is required for better understanding of cloud computing to accept or reject it. To understand and analyze the effect of these factors on cloud computing, we need to use a technology acceptance model. In this research according to the conducted studies about companies adoption with cloud and as well as interview with experts who are often from cloud service providers and IT service provider companies, we tried to identify these factors and finally using technology acceptance model, a new and suitable model was provided to adopt with cloud computing. In this model, the relationships between the factors have been studied in a way that the effect of them on each will be recognized well.

This paper seeks to capture the potentials and implications of Berger's cultural theory in policy making. According to Berger's view that the three processes of externalization, objectification, and internalization form the dialectic of culture, one can explain the dialectics of these contradictory propositions through a series of logical trends. And cited them as the capacity and implication of Burger's cultural theory in the field of politics. These logical trends are: prototyping, institutionalization, socialization, and legitimacy. The results of the present study show that language and prototype is a capacity that explains the externalization in the field of policy-making, institutionalizing the capacity of objectification in the field of politics, and socializing and legitimizing policies also from internalization capacities Are. From the Bergger's point of view, the success or failure of policy-making is the coordination and disorientation of these capacities in this dialectical cycle.

In today's world, the importance of communication and especially the use of cyberspace is enormous, So that it is called as a strategy for development. Although there is controversy in the economy about the impact of the Internet and new technologies, however due to the predominance of positive economic effects on its negative effects, most developed and developing countries, most countries seek to increase access of public and economic institutions to broadband technology. World experiences show that the impact of broadband on the parameters of macroeconomic development is higher than the other ICT development indices. In fact, ICT is one of the bases for the development of new technology and development of this sector in most countries have considered as a basic objective of economic policy. Also many countries plan to establish projects and infrastructure, to improve their economy from the economy of specific resources, to the knowledge-based economy; so that they can also benefit from the positive effects side. Therefore, this study tries given the experience of the leading countries in broadband technology, explain the qualitative and quantitative effects of the economic impact of this technology.

The Punctuated-Equilibrium theory is originated from the evolution theory of a variety species. Creature’s evolution is a slow and timely process that has been going on for a long time. In a Punctuated-Equilibrium pattern, a radical change may occur initially in response to environmental conditions, and then, gradual changes occur in different parts of the organization for more adaptation and compatibility over time. Sometimes, incremental changes in the organization are not sufficient indeed, and the organization does not achieve its goals through these small changes. In this case, the organization feels the need for radical changes. Since the main objective of this research is to examine policy-making based on the Punctuated-Equilibrium model, the first step is to examine the basics, theoretical foundations, and how the Punctuated-Equilibrium emerges, and the scientists› ideas will be analyzed in this regard. Then, policy-makings based on the equilibrium model in educating organizations will be cited and their results will be examined. Ultimately, some limitations of Punctuated-Equilibrium research in organizational decisionmaking processes will be briefly mentioned.

Drawing on institutional theory, we examine how institutions have influenced technology development trends in the U.S. since the mid-19th century. Based on an inductive analysis of the history of technology development and corporate R&D, we show that both formal and informal institutional rules and constraints played a role in the initial rise of markets for technology, their decline during the early-20th century, and their eventual return at the end of the 20th century. We also find that formal and informal institutions influenced the widespread adoption of in-house R&D labs during the mid-20th century. Our study integrates insights from both the economics and sociology branches of institutional theory. This perspective is particularly useful to analyze historical phenomenon and shifts in trends across long time periods.